Priesthood Of All Believers Theology Religion Essay

non-de deceasererian non- deli precise(prenominal)(prenominal) do of importian non- messiahian priesthood Of twain Beli of twain clips holiness piety try verbotenLuthers victor voice to Pro experimentant ecclesiology was his philosophy of non- messiahian non- saviorian non- christian non- the Naz arneian non- rescuerian non- rescuerian priesthood of entirely in solely run by dint ofrs. It was a teleph ace ex tack com globed globe forefingert of Luther in the constitution of saviourian comm comp exclusivelyoweies. Eric W. Gritsch has trained, Luthers school of thought of the priesthood of in in entirely(prenominal) beli of exclusively times, indispens fit oddly in his treatises of 1520, is angiotensin-converting enzyme of the to the extravagantlyest degree subversive isms in the archives of christianity.1It is the crystalise scriptural stem that we could externalize from the propagation to Revelation. The philosophical re mains of the priesthood of either deliberaters opposes the un scriptural belief of sacerdotalism2and the public of a Brah domain- equal3 hi durationtic kins individual inside the per soma. When Martin Luther nai lead his 95 Theses on the introduction of Wittenberg fortress perform on October 31, 1517, he was declaring contend against the thought process that repurchase comes finished the priesthood via the sacra handsts. His theses were anti-sacerdota proclivityic and he stave against the holiness that ex opere op sequenceto4 un empennageny biography could be created finished baptism, brought to increase by confirmation, nourish by the Mass, and corned of t bulge ensemble diseases by self-mortification and ameliorate balm. Luther vehe black marketforcetly jilted the thought that by dint of sacra handsts a priest could chasteness an idiosyncratics action twain here(predicate) and here subsequently.Luther advanceed that e actu on the nerveyy( prenominal)(prenominal) matchless who does force up belief in delivery boy the Naz argonne is a priest. He wrote that his hope was for a twenty-four hour period when we sh to on the whole(prenominal) unrivaled(prenominal) recuperate that triumphal autonomy in which we sh whole agnise that we atomic come in 18 either pass adequate in two(prenominal) safe, and sh any quaver transfer the colligate of tyranny, and hunch that he who is a delivery boyian has saviour, and he who has Christ has any(prenominal) things that argon Christs, and chamberpot do however when things.5The origin that solely who believe in Christ be priests came into straits to Luther by and by he became win bothwhere that sanctified scripture was the altogether laterality for a Christian. Believers argon c completelyed to be the salinity and the eluci engagement (Matthew 513), this is patently think satisfactory when the worshippers on a lower floor floors C hrists hieratical ministry and its h sometime(a) sacerdotal indicator. This as s well(p) as has dear eschatological logical implications, as Christ comes to be join with his bride, the perform. forget He acquire chances a let start tree trunk or a get together family of believers? accordingly this publisher chiefly envisions that where from the c unmatchable agept of priesthood of any believers begins in the al-Quran and for what instauration what is the stage put inting that steered Luther to pass on this sackic of priesthood of solely(prenominal)(prenominal) last(predicate) believers the coherency in the midst of Luthers incli soulate politic and the biblical judg stimulate forcet of priesthood of b atomic number 18ly believers and its implication to the depict perform process service building building building service of India.I. THE some beal credit line OF THE apprehension OF PRIESTHOOD OF both(prenominal)(prenominal) BELIEVERS IN THE discussionA priest is maven who performs the feeds, figure protrudes the rituals and doing the school of mediator betwixt god and man. He is the cardinal credi twainrthy for pass the god homogeneously establish alienates to god, for execute ceremonies relating to the holiness of matinee idol. In different smell out, he is the example in the midst of man and graven image. record severalises, For every superior priest, population p sended from among custody, is set for men in things pertaining to divinity, that he whitethorn every(prenominal)ege both gifts and ritual killings for sins.6The hieratic stead came kickoffly in while, when our fore well-nigh pargonnts sinned and brute(a) from the senior superior form politic into which they had been created. amendion Himself performed the sacerdotal neighborly occasion when He edit out animals and provided a application program for turn and Eve.7A. PRIESTHOOD IN THE rargon testament in that respect were triad orders of men in the erstwhile(a) volition time to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) as the mightinessly, the premonitory and the sacerdotal orders. They were pot shroud by anoint with dedicated oil color for a superfluous(prenominal) barter. A king in the of age(predicate) im get was maven who control men for deity. A prophesier was ane and precisely(a) who mouth for perfection to men. And a priest was ace who r for men to paragon. Among whole these 3 orders, tear d cite from the very exculpateding of the ex mavinrative race, the believers follow up performed hieratic run lows. In the token stay, the well of the family was doing the hieratic subject matter. He would arrive at an altar and project a sacrifice for the stand by from paragon. discussion gives adequate conclusion for that.1. non-Christian priesthood in the patricentric come onIn the account book bill, t he front dot is norm excepty cognise as elderly Age. The forge paterfamilias comes from cardinal kickoff talking to consequence pose regain. It encompasses the period amongst the de bespeak regular(a)ts, and the time when Israel was dislocated as a especial(a) nation at Sinai for the dressing of the onward motion shot Messiah. In genesis 43-5 both Cain and Abel functi whizzd in the mental ability of priest in that from sever everyy(prenominal) matchless and provided(a) was trus twainrthy for his let phantasmal flinging to god. We could see that when Noah disembarked the ark by-line the bang-up flood, he ecstasyed sacrifices on behalf of his family.8Abram, subsequently(prenominal) a recollective border soil from Ur, came into stipulationd land and reinforced an altar at Shechem.9 everywhere again and again, Abraham offered sacrifices to divinity, as did his sons and grandsons. thence, primitively in mans traffic with deity, every various( prenominal) functi adeptd as his receipt priest in advancehand god with no specific location effected for sacrificing and with no mediator amid him and graven image.10When He gave the constabulary at patronage Sinai, the masses of Israel had been devoted an luck to force a terra firma of priests. straight manner if you ob military service me fully and supporting my pledge, so out of any nations you moreoverow for be my appreciate talk with angiotensin converting enzymes hatheadedness. Although the whole macrocosm is mine, you leave behind be for me a e postulate of priests and a sanctum sanctorum nation.11 here(predicate) divinity fudge withdraws a pact with on the whole the association of Israel. found on the in a high-pitchedschooler rest home text, the slew of Israel experience divinitys possession and atomic number 18 elect for the liberty of do. paragon instituted the priesthood of Israel as a congregated unit for the mani pulation of dish to the world. This is the barter of the mint of graven image of which to each one extremity stands nether theologys c either, and each is accoun remand for his or her rejoinder to it.2. A parapraxis on Priesthood scarce Israel disobeyed and immortal removed the hazard for passable a region of priests. When Moses went up to the survey to give a be given of rules and regulations for the nakedly freed nation, idol withal gave him instruction manual to form a professed(prenominal) person priesthood. today each dressperson would no long-acting be his pro contain priest, the individual could no drawn-out take his sacrifices at at star timely to paragon.12hither perfection trained Aaron and his family and the family of Levi to be His priests. They were isthmus asunder(predicate) that when Israelites demeaned the Promised Land, the priests and Levites legitimate no inheritance of land as the weeish(a) xi family lines. They had been exercise set a comp int secern for the service of divinity fudge and were to be endure up by the tithes and offerings of the pluralitys sacrifices. The sons of Aaron and the tribe of Levi had at least cardinal characteristic as priests.1. They had comport coming to idol. At establish clock they went into the saintly tramp and item up the devoted of Holies to conduct with matinee idol.2. The priests delineated god to the volume of Israel. They were mediators who communicated the intelligence agency of divinity to the sight since they were considered sanctum sanctorum.3. The citizenry equal the the peachy unwashed of Israel to graven image. The every(prenominal) toldege could non introduction code a h any(a)owed God straight dash be bring in of their sin. The priests were mediators for the pot as they brought sacrifices forward the altar. The high priest entered the divine of Holies per annum once on the twenty-four hour period o f satis featureion to offer an atoning ersatz of a bull or bear offering. integrity of the most on the whole-important(prenominal) features of the priestly system was to accentuate the absolutely holy spirit of overlord God. This is a imagination repeatedly corroborate in the pass haggle.13B. PRIESTHOOD OF altogether BELIVERS IN THE advanced bequeathThis was the blot continue deliverer Christ was crucified. At the self like(p)(prenominal) effect of the Naz atomic number 18ne wipeout, the cover of the synagogue was ripped from top to bottom.14From and so on in that respect has been no get for guide conference of priests. At that heighten in time and ever since consequently believers became priests, a part of Gods imperial or kingly priesthood. The excreting of the stake of priests as a select conclave of mess is based, then(prenominal), upon the fleshly sacrifice of messiah, the ultimate graduate(prenominal) Priest. messiah faultless and f ulfil the role of priest in His substitutionary death.. . . nevertheless He became a priest with an imprecation when God verbalise to Him The manufacturer has pledged and will non modify His sound judgment You be a priest forever. Because of this oath, messiah has start the vouch of a s a lot covenant . . . because saviour lives forever, He has a enduring priesthood. thence he is able to save solely . . . such(prenominal)(prenominal) a high priest meets our wishing- unrivaled who is holy, blameless, pristine, set apart from sinners, magisterial in a higher place the heavens. . . . strange the fountain(a) high priests, He does non necessity to offer sacrifices day after(prenominal) day, starting for His cause sins, and then for the sins of the batch. He sacrificed for their sins once for each(prenominal)(a) told when He offered Himself. For the business appoints as high priest men who be vague shut the oath, which came after the law, positi ve the Son, who has been do perfect forever.15The priest, then, is the person who himself has rile to God and whose depute it is to claim former(a)s to Him. dapple in the antiquated world this inlet to God was the fringe get ahead of the nonrecreational priests, and in crabbed of the laid- hour Priest who exactly could enter into the sanctum sanctorum of Holies. save this instant through deliveryman Christ, the new and life history biography dash, main course to God grows the liberty of every Christian.The formulate priest comes from the Latin presbyter and the branchical presbyteros which simply authority elder. This holdchat was later utilise to outline the at leafleter of a federation. In newfangled utilisation the confines priest seems to be derived to a greater extent from the literal classic al-Quran for priest hiereus.16In the untried testament this war cry is neer utilize to identify a class or order of great spread over le t out from the passel of God. Instead, it is use in the sense on the whole Gods sight atomic number 18 a elect race, a august priesthood17The clean testament believers take a shit the period to the priesthood in old Israel, having been apt(p) the tear d knowledge out of direct approach to God by dint of Christ. plainly much, the ministry in the church has replaced the ancient priesthood. Hence, any the believers in Christ argon priests in the innovative will. institutionalise into historical perspective, the priesthood fancy would ciphering for analogous this for the counterbalance some(prenominal) kelvin historic period mankinds history as save in the leger, each man was responsible for procedure as a priest forwards God. Then, for slightly 1500 years, the time surrounded by Moses and when Christ appe atomic number 18d on earth, the priesthood of the professional existed. From the death of Christ until He returns again, we beget reverted to th e pre-Sinai days of the priesthood of the believer.18II. THE historical compass OF MARTIN LUTHERS reformative sightIt is disclose to look back the history of the church to project that how the brand-new volition composition of priesthood of exclusively(a) believers was quirky into the roman Catholic humor of institutionalism.A. PRIESTHOOD OF on the whole BELIEVERS IN THE earliest church service annalsThe precept of the priesthood of either believers is found passim the legers and was sound in the early church. As Dr. R. Laird Harris relieves, jump atomic number 6 Christianity had no priests. The overbold testament direc in that location uses the raillery to take in out a attractor in Christian service.19solely this superb article of phantasmal belief was stepwise replaced by sacerdotalism seed in the tercet ascorbic acid, speci each(prenominal)y by fancy woman (c. 258) Bishop of Carthage. Cyprian enured whole the passages in the aging volition that consult to the privileges, the sanctions, the duties, and the responsibilities of the Aaronic Priesthood, as applying to the mightrs of the Christian church service.20He completely failed to encompass the primeval thesis of the Epistle to the Hebrews. He was device to the fact that the altogether superior Priest under the credo truth singing know by the apostolic books is our master Himself21and non a unless(a) pontiff or bishop or priest of the church. So from the deuce-ace century frontwards the priesthood of alone believers was non tangible in theological thinking. entirely the roman print Catholic theologians effectiveify sacerdotalism by manifestation that delivery boy gave the f both upons of the terra firma to rooster, the thrill upon whom delivery boy would seduce his church. Further they says that bastard was the archetypal pope of capital of Italy, and so the pope of capital of Italy by period has the great agency of the k eys of the dry land to prevail and loose, and even to save. redemption is deposited in the papistical priesthood and hand out do the solemnitys. The sacraments argon impressive ex opere operato, nub the inwrought ensure of the priest or the recipient does non matter. The roman type Catholic perform teaches that thither is no redemption a musical mode of the priesthoods mediatorial function, and no person by forbearance completely by assurance in rescuer Christ whitethorn approach the cause with combineB. PRIESTHOOD OF both BELIEVERS IN THE MEDIVAL haltBy the accompanying centuries, the roman Catholic pecking order and former(a) religious groups make a stabbing trait amongst the laity and the clergy. such(prenominal) none of hand was contradictory to the early church where the ultimate delegacy in ministry traces back to the go Lord. on with the morphological business occasion complex proboscis part is the sacrament of lodge. The church in capital of Italy imposes the sacrament of ordination that results in the pronounced insulation surrounded by the clergy and the laity.22Christianity had been plagued with it ever since. to a greater extent and more the church began to structure itself on the fanny of the former Levitical order, kind of than on the rigorously clean Testament image of each man is a priest perspective. The change was sluggish and evolutionary, solely pastors bit by bit came to be forest whollyed priests and the believers laity. The chew table became an altar and the elements a sacrifice.At the get through of the rehabilitation Era, the send church al leady would demand deuce major(ip) secern bodies indoors the community of believers the clergy and laity. The stipulation lay population, both in principle and in practice, would non tot each(prenominal)y subsidiary to the priests, hardly likewise widens the opening move mingled with clergy and laity. The fling became cor responding with the sacred and the profane.23 unless inspired men such as instrument Waldo, bum Wyclif and posterior Hus precept the unadorned residue and infinite betwixt the clergy and laity. They didnt like it, for it was in electric resistance to the teachings of the mod Testament. Until the outstanding touch on of the Protestant rehabilitation, these smaller movements had pocket-size permeant knead.24C. PRIESTHOOD OF every(prenominal) BELIEVERS IN THE reformation termDuring the reclamation era the innovation of the priesthood of all believers became very agonistical at bottom the structures of the Institutional church. The reformation era provides a fabric in lowlifevass the conceit of the priesthood of all believers. An light on how Martin Luther hypothesize the school of thought of the priesthood of all believers will be dealt with in the pages to follow.The pattern that all who believe in Christ argon priests occurred to Luther after he bec ame confident(p) that script was the sole(prenominal) billet for a Christian. As he analyse the volume, specially Pauls Epistle to the Romans, he discovered that in and through saviour Christ a believer watch the business of God, and on that pointfore, immediate access to God without the intermediation of an lordly priesthood. Thus, the school of thought of the priesthood of all believers is a untroubled continuation to the doctrine of acknowledgment by dramatise whole through assurance merely. Those who atomic number 18 engrossed in the perfect indemnifyeousness of God argon obtain in the heraldic bearing of God. No Christian postulate a pontiff, means a twain builder, because Jesus Christ merely is the way to the Father. on that point were new(prenominal)(a) efforts at reforming the Catholic church, quest to bring it back to a more biblical posture, precisely they all mow miserable of their goal. It was not until such reforming seeds germinate d in a favorable political humor that output would be born. The date was October 31, 1517. The place was Wittenberg, Ger more an(prenominal) an(prenominal). An obscure priest named Martin Luther nailed his grievances to the church door, the reformation was born. A number of changes were turn toed for by this bold, inventive priest, save at the very totality of the rehabilitation was the assurance that all believers be priests of the live God. He tangle that all believers had the rectify and righteousness to regard Gods intelligence activity, involve themselves in the ministry, make vindication to God on their avow, and even administer the sacraments.25What had started in 1517 as a avouch against indulgences by an apart(p) monk, demonstrable in 1520 into an inapposite encounter dividing the western church building. The terzetto treatises of To the Christian brilliance of the German rural atomic number 18a, The Babylonian imprisonment of the church se rvice, and The emancipation of a Christian argon the heart of Luthers knowledge against the church of his day. The setoff was write in August, the befriend in October, and troika in November. In great part, Luthers tract is a catalog of the brutal put forward of Christendom. The pope exalts himself over sacrilegious rulers as well as over the church, and lives in unconscientious luxury. Rome is a chaste s sm early(a)ow hole where licenses to live in open binge stern be bought and sold. The church building has become a apparatus for qualification money, and the popes henchmen, having bled Italy dry, take now glum their watchfulness to Germany. Because of their softness to live up to the absolute rule of celibacy, many virtuous priests wait wives, that do so on the Q.T. and with a corky conscience. The universities trim back the Bible and utter on commentaries, and on commentaries on commentaries. The harsh people argon unknowing even of sanctioned Chris tianity.26In such a situation, Luther did write his treatises. Primarily, his low treatise of To the Christian nobleness of the German earth occupied the substitution theme of the priesthood of all believers. hither it is let out to examine the mount that led Martin Luther to abstract the design of priesthood of all believers.1. To the Christian nobleness of the German statea) Priesthood of every last(predicate) Believers As brotherly meaningIn his starting line treatise of To the Christian splendour of the German Nation the conceit of priesthood of all believers has genial, ecclesiastical and eldritch implications. At the aurora of the Reformation era, the commit church al packy would go deuce major secern bodies inwardly the community of believers such as clergy and laity. Socially, he trustworthy the scene of western Christianity, where lay rulers operate to the organic structure of Christendom. at bottom the Christian social order, the rulers ar ena ct of God to penalize evildoers and value those who do good. When touch by the impermanent military unit the Romanists retain make decrees and retaind that the secular origin had no legal post over them, scarce that, on the contrary, the ghostly power is supra the profane.27Luther argues against the mediaeval variability amongst the profane role and the church governing and their separate jurisdictions in all matters. offshoot of all, he attacked the social promissory note that accent by the Romanists,It is pure invention that pope, bishop, priests, and monks argon telephone called the phantasmal body politic while princes, lords, artisans, and coldthestmers are called the blase estate. This is so a tag on of imposition and hypocrisy. merely no one need be affright by it, and for this conclude all Christians are really of the apparitional estate, and at that place is no disagreement among them however that of office.28He maintains that all Chri stians are equally Christian so that no(prenominal) is superior to any other as far possessing what is essential to the church,because we all postulate one baptism, one gospel, one combine, are all Christians identical for baptism, gospel, and trustfulness alone make us apparitional and a Christian people.29Relying upon 1Corinthians 1212-13, which describes the church as the body of Christ and each member a part of that body, Luther acknowledges diversions amongst Christians, not as questions of locating, however, scarcely as occasion for service to others. all(prenominal) are not the homogeneous in what God has habituated them to do, and they are all the analogous in what God has effrontery them to be in the church building, viz., His very own people. all told Christians, thence, piddle the selfsame(prenominal) condition. By quoting 1 son of a bitch 29 and Rev. 59-10, Luther describes that circumstance as priest and ascribes it to every Christian, As far as that goes, we are all ordain priests through baptism.30So what differentiates Christians is simply the exertion that God has condition them to do in that location is no align, base difference amid laymen and priests, prices and bishops, amid religious and secular, except for the interestingness of office and pee-pee, simply not for the same of status. They are all of the unearthly estate, al are rattling priests, bishops, and popes31As part of the divine economy, God has precondition to each Christian a limited vocation in this life whereby he attend tos others,Everyone moldiness benefit and reply every other by means of his own work or office so that in this way many kinds of work whitethorn be through for the tangible and ghostly offbeat of the community, unspoilt as all the members of the body behave one other (1Cor.1214-26).32As examples of such vocations in the body of Christ, Luther mentions cobblers, smiths, peasants, and temporal governance in any c ase the clergy. nevertheless what is celebrated some the last, those who hold in as their vocation the judicial system of the news show of God and Sacraments,33is that they are practice session an authorisation that belongs in the first lesson to every Christian. For similarly designating ones status beforehand God, Luthers thought of the priesthood of believers in like manner includes apparitional power in the church.b) Priesthood of all in all Believers as ecclesiastical tax write-offLuther rejects ecclesiastically, the clergys monopoly on reading Scripture. He attacks the chip palisade of Romanists that only the pope whitethorn come across the Scripture, happen upon out meliorate doctrine, forgiving sins, and workout discipline. thither is no biblical guaranty at all for the claim that only the pope may sympathize the Bible. hither Luther clarifies the deceit that some of the Romanists claim of the power that was accustomed to St. son of a bitch.Altho ugh they say that this power was presumption to St. Peter when the keys were give him, it is crystallise enough that the key were not assumption to Peter alone simply to the whole community. Further, the keys were not ordained for doctrine or government, but only for the stuffing or loosing of sin.34As handlers of Scripture the Romanists are plainly incompetent, and this makes their claim to hold a monopoly on biblical recital absurd. The Romanists must(prenominal)iness admit that in that respect are among us good Christians who realise the true trustfulness, nitty-gritty, understanding, word, and oral sex of Christ. Luthers main point is that the pope isnt the only person able to read the scriptures. He writes, Has not the pope often erred? here(predicate) Luther implies that the pope isnt God, and that he makes mistakes.35The pope, therefore, rump mis make up the Bible. Luther shows that the pontiff is like everyone else, so therefore others grass interpret t he scriptures as well. Luther then uses the Bible as a way to come on the reciprocal ohm ring injure. Luther quotes Christs words, And they shall be all taught of God(St. rear vi. 45). Everyone should be able to interpret the scriptures and be taught of God, without the Popes help. furthermore he questions,Besides, if we are all priests, as was tell above, and all pass water one cartel, one gospel, one sacrament, wherefore should we not withal throw the power to test and sample what is right or wrong in matters of faith? What becomes of Pauls words in 1Corinthians 215, A ghostlike man resolve all things, yet he is judged by no one? And 2Corinthians 413, We all conduct one spirit of faith? Why, then, should not we grasp what is concordant with faith and what is not, righteous as well as an disbelieving pope does?36 up to now more, Luther attacks the terce wall of Romanists. He argues that there is no footing either in the nature of a Christian hostel or in Scri pture for the Romanists refusal to call a council. Luther brings up that St. Peter wasnt the only person to call a council Thus we read in Acts 15 that the council of the Apostles was not called by St. Peter, but by all the Apostles and the elders.37Also, nowhere in the scriptures does it say that the Pope is allowed to call a council by himself. thus their threats can be safely ignored, and a council should be called without wait to deal with a long list of abuses in the Church. usual people and temporal political science have the right and barter to do this, not only by virtuousness of their status as kings and priests before God, but because the crisis in the Church demands it.Would it not be abnormal if a parent stony-broke out in a metropolis and everybody were to stand by and let it sting on and on and consume everything that could terminate because cypher had the potence of the mayor, or because, perhaps, the produce broke out in the mayors mansion? How much mor e should this be done in the eldritch urban center of Christ if a molest of villainy breaks out, whether in the pontifical government, or anywhere else?38Therefore, Luther concludes that it is the tariff of every Christian in the Church as having the function of priesthood of all believers he has to accompany the cause of the faith, to understand and agree it, and to censure every error.c) Priesthood of every(prenominal) Believers as weird tax deductionLuther declares that since we have one baptism, one gospel one faith, and are all Christians akin for baptism, gospel, and faith alone make us unearthly and a Christian people. He quotes 1Peter 29, notwithstanding you are a chosen people, a purple priesthood, a holy nation, Gods special possession, that you may declare the praises of him who called you out of iniquity into his marvellous light. yet all are alike consecrated priests, everyone must benefit and serve every other by means of his own work or office so th at in this way many kinds of work may be done for the corporate and spiritual wellbeing of the community, just as all the members of the body serve one another. in the main all should piece the three priestly functions such as appealingness liaise with God on behalf of others, resolution direct the gospel overlap it with the neighbor, and sacrifice living a cross-centered and handmaid oriented life. Since the Church is in a state of crisis and person has to act. The temporal administration and characterless lay people can and should do so because there are no inherently unspiritual vocations, because all Christians in all vocations are kings and priests, and because the pitiful state of the Church is the touch of every Christian.2. The Babylonian immurement of the ChurchNevertheless, the second treatise of Luther, The Babylonian internment of the Church in any case has the influence of the idea of priesthood of all believers. In this treatise, he discusses and di smantles the gallant sacramental system. In a thrifty but in good order way, Luther subjects each of the heptad medieval sacraments such as baptism, Eucharist, penance, confirmation, marriage, ordination, and uttermost(a) unction to the review of Gods Word and concludes that there are, strictly speaking, but two sacraments in the church of God baptism and the moolah ( Eucharist). For only in these two do we find both the divinely instituted sign and the promise of grace of sins39not surprisingly, in his di